Typography design: Rules and terms every designer must know (2024)

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Typography design is a key element of a designer's skill set. The typeface you choose and how it works with your layout, grid, colour scheme and more can make or break a design.

The art and technique of arranging type involve much more than merely making words legible, but the field of typography design is packed with jargon, which can sometimes make it seem rather arcane to outsiders. There's terminology for everything from the correct names for the different parts of letterforms to terms related to their arrangement within a design. To help make things clearer for newcomers to the field – and even more experienced designers who might want a refresher – this is our complete glossary of typography design terms and concepts.

This first page covers some of the basic concepts that every typography designer needs to understand. You can jump to page 2 to see our full glossary of typography design terms. For more advice, see our roundup of great typography tutorials, or explore these perfect font pairings, and see these free wallpapers for typography lovers.

Key concepts for typography design

01. Font selection

Font design is a lengthy, detailed process. Typefaces are created by craftspeople over a long period of time, using talent honed through years of experience. The best, professionally designed fonts come with various weights and styles to form a complete family, along with carefully considered kerning pairs, multi-language support for international characters and expressive alternate glyphs to add character and variety to typesetting.

So while there's an astonishing array of free fonts to choose from online, you'll need to check the one you choose includes all the variations you need for your design. Even within paid-for fonts, the amount of choice can be overwhelming – and it can be tempting to stick to the classics. If you're keen to expand your repertoire a little and need some, see our selection of inspired alternatives to Helvetica.

02. Size

Not all typefaces are created equal. Some are fat and wide; others thin and narrow. This means that words set in different typefaces can take up a very different amount of space on the page.

The height of each character is known as its 'x-height' (quite simply because it's based on the 'x' character). When pairing different typefaces, it's usually wise to pair those that share a similar x-height. The width of each character is known as the 'set width'. This spans the body of the letter, plus the space that acts as a buffer between one letterform and the next.

The most common method used to measure type is the point system, which dates back to the 18th century. One point is 1/72 inch, and 12 points make one pica, a unit used to measure column widths. Type sizes can also be measured in inches, millimetres, or pixels.

03. Leading

Leading describes the vertical space between each line of type. It takes its name from the practice of using strips of lead to separate lines of type in the days of metal typesetting. For body text that's legible and comfortable to read, a general rule is that your leading value should be between 1.25 and 1.5 times greater than the font size.

04. Tracking and kerning

Kerning is the process of adjusting the space between characters to create a harmonious pairing. For example, where an uppercase 'A' meets an uppercase 'V', their diagonal strokes are usually kerned so that the top left of the 'V' sits above the bottom right of the 'A'.

Kerning is similar to tracking, but they're not the same thing. Tracking is applied evenly to adjusts the spacing of all characters in a word.

05. Measure

The term 'measure' describes the width of a text block. If you're seeking to achieve the best reading experience, this is clearly an important consideration. If your lines are too long, your reader can easily get lost, while a too-short measure breaks up the reading experience unnecessarily.

There are a number of theories to help you define the ideal measure for your typography. One rule of thumb is that your lines should be 2-3 alphabets in length (so 52-78 characters, including spaces).

06. Hierarchy and scale

If all the type in a layout looks the same, it can be difficult to know which is the most important information, or what to read first. Size is one key way through which typographers create hierarchy and guide their readers. Headings are usually large, sub-headings are smaller, and body type is smaller still. But size isn't the only way to define hierarchy; it can also be achieved with colour, spacing and weight.

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